Four Functions of Management Paper Essay

The four functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The term management has been used since the early twentieth century, and people such as Frederick W. Taylor, Henri Fayol, Max Weber, and A.H. Maslow all contributed to the evolution of management. The four functions of management are as relevant now as they were then. This paper will define and explain each function in today’s organizations. Batman and Snell (2007) define management as â€Å"the process of working with people and resources to accomplish organizational goals.† Managers operate in a dynamic environment where things can change very quickly. A good manager must not only know how to do things right (efficiency), but also how to do the right things (effectiveness). Even when overwhelmed with a task, a manager must continue to focus on effectiveness and efficiency. PlanningThe first function of management is planning. â€Å"Planning is specifying the goals to be achieved and deciding in advance the appropriate actions needed to achieve those goals† (Batman and Snell, 2007). Planning should engage all levels of management and improve decision-making. A successful manager should be able to plan effectively. Planning is about looking ahead, identifying a desired end point, and making decisions to reach that end point. Batman and Snell (2007) stated, â€Å"Planning activities include analyzing current situations, anticipating the future, determining objectives, deciding in what type of activities the company will engage, choosing corporate and business strategies, and determining the resources needed to achieve the organization’s goals. â€Å"Part of Company X’s vision is to play a leading role in the nuclear energy renaissance in the United Kingdom while simultaneously improving the long-term reliability of its current power plants. Company X currently owns and operates nine power stations in the United Kingdom and employs 6,000 personnel. Planning plays a significant part in directing such a large organization. The company has developed a mission, vision, company business plan, and annual financial plan. Each department or business unit also has a business plan that is aligned with the company’s business plan. Creating a plan is one step towards success, but it also must be effectively implemented. Organizing†Organizing is assembling and coordinating the human, financial, physical, informational, and other resources needed to achieve goals† (Batman and Snell, 2007). To accomplish an organization’s objectives, individuals are assigned to positions, and they are granted levels of authority and responsibility. People are an organization’s greatest asset, and organizing them to effectively and efficiently complete work positions the organization for success. â€Å"Organizing requires staffing the work division, setting up the training for the employees, acquiring resources, and organizing the work group into a productive team† (Allen, 1998). The organizing function in Company X is strong. During the last five years, significant change has occurred at Company X, as the company has recovered from a position of near bankruptcy and adapted to a rapidly changing electricity market. Already Company X is anticipating the need for additional skilled people to staff new power plants and fill the vacancies at existing power plants caused by the increasing retirements of the aging workforce. Successfully training and organizing these new personnel will be a significant challenge for the company. A recent organizational change occurred which grouped power plants with similar technology together in one business unit to maximize the opportunities to learn and work together. Leading†Leading is stimulating people to be high performers. It includes motivating and communicating with employees, individually and in groups† (Batman and Snell, 2007). Leading is providing direction and influencing people to follow. Individuals can be influenced by directing, delegating, coaching, mentoring, and selling. Leading requires close contact with people and requires that the leader has the right skills to influence people. Company X continuously strives to improve its leadership. In such a complex technical environment, leaders rely heavily on individuals to solve very complex problems. When faced with a significant technical challenge, Company X temporarily assigns an inspirational and technically competent director to lead a recovery team to resolve the issue. In 2006, Company X shut down two nuclear reactors due to emergent technical faults that had never been encountered or anticipated. A director from the engineering function led a  recovery team to analyze the technical issue, develop alternative solutions, and manage the chosen solution. The recovery team was motivated to think in creative ways to develop alternative solutions, and resolution required a company-wide effort to complete. After being shut down for a year, the power plants were re-started, and their performance has helped the company regain a position in the FTSE 100. ControllingThe final function is controlling. â€Å"Controlling monitors performance and implements necessary changes† (Batman and Snell, 2007). This function determines whether plans are being effectively implemented. â€Å"Controlling is the final link in the functional chain of management activities and brings the functions of management cycle full circle† (Allen, 1998). The first step in controlling is establishing a performance standard. Without a performance standard, one has no benchmark from which to compare. After performance is measured, one determines whether that performance meets or exceeds the performance standard. If the performance fails to meet the performance standard, corrective action must be initiated. To conduct work in the plants, Company X requires the use of operating procedures that include technical acceptance criteria. Through review of the operating procedure results versus the technical acceptance criteria, one can determine whether corrective action is necessary. Company X also has company documents that detail the expected behaviors and actions of workers. Leaders periodically observe work in the plant to determine whether worker behaviors meet those expected standards. If not, the leaders help the workers to demonstrate the correct behaviors, usually through coaching. To capture and resolve conditions that do not meet performance standards, Company X uses a corrective action process. This computer based process tracks the conditions from initial identification to resolution. ConclusionThe four functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Each of these functions were described individually, but  they all work together to ensure the success of an organization. Company X uses all four of these functions to effectively and efficiently supply the United Kingdom with 17% of its electricity. References Allen, G. (1998). In Supervision. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from http://ollie.dcccd.edu/mgmt1374/contents.htmlBateman, T.S.and Snell, S.A. (2007). Management: Leading and Collaborating in a Competitive World (7th ed.). [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Retrieved February 5, 2008, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, MGT330

Marriage Is a Private Affair Essay

Cultural, gender, religious and racial peculiarities can either impede or enhance effective human communication and understanding. According to Chinua Achebe, â€Å"Marriage is a Private Affair†. We may ask what is marriage? It may be defined in many ways Prof. Makoine in his guideline sheet defines it interactively as â€Å"wedlock/ relationship in which two people have pledged themselves to each other as husband and wife with or without legal sanction. † According to the same definition a private affair is â€Å"exclusive/ belonging to a particular person or group event or happening. Marriage is fundamental ,it’s a private affair, the author tries to show that marriage means different things in the different cultures also marriage and private are interchangeable it mean two or more people get into contract, whereas in some culture it also a unity establish between two or more people. Marriage is an exclusive event that happen between two people. According to the writer, he does not exclude the family out of the process of marriage but he concludes that whatever decision we make it is considered to be private affair which has to be between people that sign the contract. The two people involved take responsibility for the outcome of their decision. So as the saying goes, â€Å"marriage is for better for worse† What are other original and contemporary definitions of marriage? The original concept as religiously depicted both in Islam and Christianity is that marriage is a bond between a man and a woman, where both become one. There is an exchange of dowry for security and goodwill. The Webster’s New Pocket dictionary defines marriage as the â€Å"married life†, and marry as â€Å"join as husband and wife, 2. take as spouse and 3. nite†. The implications of such definitions is that there is a dichotomy in meanings culturally, racially and religiously. The concept of privacy of marriage can be read in many ways: it could mean private between two people irrespective of their family’s feelings. It could also be its my business whether I want to marry a male or a female, I don’t need anyone’s support or permission. I have the freedom to choose. In† â€Å"Chinua Achebe’s† drama the freedom to choose is still available to â€Å"Nnaemeka† but the choice he makes is painful to him and the family. The impending pain is envisaged by â€Å"Nnaemeka†and this makes him say, â€Å"It would not be wise to break the news to him by writing. A letter will bring it upon him with a shock, I am quite sure about that. † In this case â€Å"Chinua Achebe† portrays the privacy of marriage to a particular tribe and the difficulty when people have to break that privacy and go outside their tribes to choose a spouse. The reaction of â€Å"Nnaemeka†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s father to the situation is indeed dramatic, he could not imagine his son marrying someone whose family he did not know. This is vividly displayed in the following conversation in the story, â€Å" Whose daughter is she, anyway? â€Å"She is Nene Atang. † â€Å"What! † All the mildness was gone. â€Å" Neneataga, what does that mean? † The father felt this was beyond acceptance and his pain was palpable. In this case they are of the same religion even though â€Å"Nnaemeka†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s father may not accept this. He disparages the future wife’s religion by saying, â€Å"Teacher did you say? If you consider that a qualification for a good wife I should like to point out to you, â€Å"Emeka†, that no christian woman should teach. The privacy of the of culture and language was broken and the old man’s heart was broken too as he felt the loss of his son. He goes on to try to dissuade his son to no avail and the writer admits that, â€Å"his father eventually gave hm up as lost. † Emeka exercised his freedom but at the cost of loosing his community and family’s support and inclusion. The act itself was considered sacrilegious as an old man said weeks later, â€Å"It has never been heard,† people do not marry across language lines. Privacy was broken! However the issue of love transcends culture, religion and language barriers. Instead of Emeka to change his mind he hoped his father would heal. The story says, â€Å"Nnaemeka for his own part, was deeply affected by his father’s grief. But he kept hoping that it would pass away† (â€Å"marriage is private affair†, page †¦). He was adamant though about marrying the woman of his dreams despite the strong opposition. He goes on to say, â€Å"Nene Atang from Calabar. She is the only woman I can marry,† (page†¦ ). The reality though is in the end we weigh what is truly important as Nnaemeka’s father found out. The story brings us to the point of his awakening,â€Å"His mind immediately returned to the children. How could he shut his door against them? † He realizes that as a father his daughter- in – law had reached out to him with an arm he couldn’t resist, the arm of compassion to your own blood. The writer concludes by saying, â€Å"That night he hardly slept, from remorse – and a vague fear that he might die without making it up to them. † (page †¦) the father was stubborn and being xenophobic, he was gloomy and cut relationship off with his grandchildren since he was not dynamic in nature and could not accept changing times.

Modern Society is too Dependent on Technology Essay - 1

Modern Society is too Dependent on Technology - Essay Example uestion or occurrences, interviews, the growth rate of the technology and the efforts the modern society is doing to ensure that they keep in track in with the advancing technology. The position of supporting the topic is generated from obvious assumptions that the modern society cannot exist without technology. This assumption can be shared by a majority of the population living in the modern society (Morton, 2003). Homesteads and offices have been turned in to technology hubs. The position has also been influence by what goes on in my daily life; the life which highly depends on technology. In supporting my position, the modern society provides all the support. The society we live in has been exposed to technology which has made them dependent on it. According to Bauchspies, Croissant & Restivo (2005) the depth of which the society has been attached to technology cannot be reversed. Technology has impacted the society at all angles. For instance, walking into a modern office the number of electronics cannot be compared to that of paper stationeries. A modern office would have less effectiveness if they failed to use technology. The use of technology in the modern business has been termed as the best way of gaining a larger competitive advantage. According to Bauchspies, Croissant & Restivo (2005) the modern market is best accessible through the use of technology. This includes use of social sites for advertisement. Social sites provide about 30 percent the whole market in the corporate. Minus the social sites, it is visible how the corporate world would be affected. A look in both medical and scholarly institutions the scenario is the same. The operations in these institutions have been transformed to only be supported by technology. This eases the mode of operations in institutions. Computers have replaced the ancient process of records management and issuance of credit services. In proving these claims, the observing method would provide extensive answers.

International human resource management Case Study

International human resource management - Case Study Example There are several different strategies that can be used to ensure efficiency of the human resource management process. These strategies are adopted by organizations depending on their human resource needs and requirements. However, for effective functioning of the department, especially for international or global companies, it ought to be effectively coordinated. Adoption of the human resource strategies are influenced by several factors. Nature of the business and goals and or objectives of an organization may also influence adoption of strategies by different organizations. This is because these strategies also have to relate with the long-term and operational strategies of the respective organization. The report has been designed to analyze the best strategies that can be implemented in order to refine the HR functions for the International Committee of Red Cross in order to meet the international standards of HR practice. ICRC is a global non-profit organization working for the revival of humanity from both natural and human made catastrophes. The paper has been sub divided into mainly three categories. The first part deals problem identification and analysis while the second part is concerned with a critical evaluation of the alternative solutions that can be implemented by ICRC in order to refine its HR functions in order to meet the international standards. The last part sums up the main points discussed in the paper. The research has been designed on the method of utilizing different HR theories to analyze the problems related to human resources functions raised in the given case study of ICRC. The main findings of the paper indicate that this particular organization is... The paper has been sub divided into mainly three categories. The first part deals problem identification and analysis while the second part is concerned with a critical evaluation of the alternative solutions that can be implemented by ICRC in order to refine its HR functions in order to meet the international standards. The last part sums up the main points discussed in the paper. The research has been designed on the method of utilizing different HR theories to analyze the problems related to human resources functions raised in the given case study of ICRC. The main findings of the paper indicate that this particular organization is confronted with problems such as weaknesses in organizational culture which is not accommodative to the values of the expatriates in particular. The organization is also faced with problems such as managing training and development as well as managing diversity. This is seen through the male dominance it terms of the workforce at its head offices. There are very few women employed by this organization compared to their male counterparts. As such, it has been recommended that it must put measures in place that are meant to ensure that its culture is accommodative to the interests of a diverse workforce. It has been recommended that it should implement training and development strategies as these can help to improve the overall performance of the employees. It has also been recommended that performance appraisal should be carried out in order to motivate the employees so that they can stay longer in the organization since they can identify with it.

Informational Industry Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Informational Industry Report - Assignment Example Today, globalization has created an aviation industry market where there are an increasing number of airlines, both in the international and domestic that form alliances and invest in each other to form global networks e.g. American Airlines. As the aviation market expands, the more job opportunities are created for individuals who are interested in pursuing employment in Aviation Administration. Air transportation is a key industry that provides major contribution to economic, political, and social progress. The demand for its services, such as transport is driven by needs and desire to attain a specific objective. For instance, air transport can develop economic opportunities to a specific region such as tourism. Demand for airline transport is also motivated by the needs of goods and services offered by the region. Outlook of the industry, the International Transport Association (IATA) asserts, has showed an improved profitability in its economic performance. Accordingly, the collective global net profits of airlines are expected to reach $25.0 billion in 2015. Drivers of Forecast are oil prices, jet fuel prices, economic growth, passenger trends and cargo trends. Jet fuel prices. The benefit of lower fuel prices are not immediately felt because of the forward fuel buying practices of the industry; however costs savings will be realized as soon as time lag is settled. IATA estimated that 26% of industry costs are jet fuel prices. Given that improving fuel efficiency is a priority for airlines, IATA says fuel efficiency has improved by 1.8% in 2014 and more improvements are expected in 2015. Accordingly, fuel efficiency improvements could be done by reducing the 5% of wasted fuel due to air space and airport inefficiencies. Passenger trends. A growth in passenger traffic of 7.0% is expected in 2015, a percentage that is above 5.5% growth of the past two decades. Total passenger numbers are expected to grow by 3.5 billion and expected airline

Organization and transformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Organization and transformation - Essay Example Personal Lessons 23 Organizational Lessons 24 References 26 Key Themes Value Creation; Market Share; Organisational Restructuring; Integration; Service and Product Enhancement; Organizational Innovation Introduction The world is moving with a rapid pace with the incorporation of large number of developmental activities being generated in the field of technology and human resources. In fact the growth of immense competition in the external environment of the company is demanding large number of transformational activities being pursued in the internal environment of the company. ... Further several foreign firms are also making huge foray into the so called protected markets by breaking down the trade barriers constructed by the governments of the day. (Levy & Merry, 1986, p.3-4).This need for organizational transformation has given birth to the concept of transformational leadership in the new organisation structures. The change management to be effective must strongly involve the incorporation of both human and technological resources in an optimal manner to achieve business objectives. Transformational leaders henceforth must endeavour to create change in the existing organisational culture through motivational leadership aimed at enhancing the productive aspects of the people concerned. The process of organizational transformation henceforth aims at rendering total human development in terms of enhancement of the aspects of self esteem and in creation of a secured job environment. People belonging to the change culture are found to gain vivid work experience s while working with the new organisational processes and systems. Thus this process helps in also cultivating the concept of a learning organization. Change management in the organization thus helps in building a learned workforce which would help the organization to reach to new boundaries in terms of both market share and revenues. (Chawla & Renesch, 2006, p.105-108). The revenues of the firm from 1990 to 2010 grew along a rapid pace and reached $ 9.5 billion in 2010 from a meagre $1.6 billion in 1999. The strategies incorporated by the Chairman of the company to achieve the above ends consisted of augmenting the value of the shareholders of the company and

The Influence of Social Media on Organizations Essay - 16

The Influence of Social Media on Organizations - Essay Example Social media has significantly assisted in the marketing of most organization since there is wide access by many people in different parts of the world. The drawbacks can be handled in a way that they do not hinder certain media, first the organizations need to come up with techniques which ensure that sensitive information regarding the organization is not leaked through social media, the administrators should maintain interest and motivation. Â   Social media sites should be free, neutral and unbiased to any group of people. Most of the information that should be censured is any information that is unethical or attempts to ruin the organization reputation. Some of the information I would avoid making part of my social media strategy include, hate speech, racial discrimination, false information, or any other information that is not socially acceptable. Email and blogs are among the most useful social media sources to send communications to customers and stakeholders, different social media like Facebook accounts, twitter, and LinkedIn are more suitable for employees. This media source enables the organization to be accessible by many people from different parts of the world. The social media are extremely efficient since the stakeholders, management, and personnel can discuss a matter online. People can interact with the organization from all corners of the world. With time meetings in organizations may be organized through social media. Technology is changing exceptionally fast, and new ideas are born every day and night. There is a lot in the store since there are many developments in the field of information technology. Social media is going to take over as the most reliable mode of communication. The security features in the social media are going to be increased, and this will invite more people.

The concept of science fiction in cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The concept of science fiction in cinema - Essay Example Additionally, all paths are never equal because the path completed last presupposes the other paths. The paths are also not equal given that the path completed last is the least hypothetical. The above rules of the game represent the salient features of cinematographic storytelling. According to Cornea, the forking-path movies are based on the seven forking-path conventions (170). The assertion that forking paths are clear is symbolic and it indicates that life is a risk because man is faced with diverse and unprecedented events on a daily basis. Some of the occurrences could end man’s life inadvertently. This notwithstanding, the movie, The Matrix movie, shows that it is possible for an incident to be analyzed to an extent that its proximate cause and the possible effect is established.2.The least compelling idea from the course reading is that scholars ought to spend long hours exploring a single idea instead of balancing on the tie top allocate to many phenomena in life. Th e tradition is flawed and must not be adopted by any learner because it is counterproductive in entirety. For instance, the film shows the significance of understanding much on eye behavior with regard to cinematography. There is a need for the characters to understand on the mode of eye contact to maintain the course of action in a movie. The eye behavior of the actors enables the audience to understand the plot and the flow of the movie.in this regard, the tradition is relevant with regard to movie quality.

The Growing Representation Gap in the United States How to Fill It Essay

The Growing Representation Gap in the United States How to Fill It - Essay Example All these, in turn, had an effect of widening the representation gap. Employees are very much aware of this gap because they always believed that filling in this gap will â€Å"directly improve the quality of their working lives and †¦make their firms more productive and successful.†5 But the ground realities in US are not very conducive for the solution of this problem. Studies have shown that â€Å"only one out of six US employees†¦ have access to the independent representation of their individual and collective interests.†6 It is also a proven fact that though employees want representation, it is the employers who prevent them from accessing such opportunities.7 A major area of concern associated with the problem of representation is the changes that have happened in the composition of the workforce. The workforce scenario is greatly changed in US in the context of global migration of labor. Global alliances that are emerging in labour sector, the increased presence of women, and ethnic minorities in the global work force, and the new forms of workers organisations like the ‘worker centres’ of USA, have been some indicators of change. America has been depending more and more on immigrant labourers to meet the nation’s workforce needs. But these laborers have never been assimilated into the mainstream unionism. The race, ethnicity and nationality have come to play a great role in determining the group formations among workers. Organizing simply on a class basis has become a thing of the past, at least in the unorganized sector. There are attempts going on to assimilate the migrant workers into the mainstream work force of US by trade unions. This is very crucial when we see that in the United States, one in five people is from another nationality.8 The situation of the migrant workers have been pathetic as, â€Å"low-wage immigrant workers exist within industries in which there are few or no unions or other organis ational vehicles through which they can speak and act.†9 Hence, the key to filling in the representation gap also lies in understanding the challenges faced by this totally different work force mix and also the changes brought about by the extreme corporatization. The dominance of service sector over the primary production sectors has also presented a new set of problems regarding representation. When the rise of service sector in combination with the technological changes that accompany it is considered, it can be realized that the representation issue is at its worst in this area.10 The increase in part-time and temporary work clubbed with the increase in the percentage of woman workers in the total work force also create new challenges on the representation front.11 All these changes in the labor force composition is supposed to have enhanced the bargaining power of the corporate companies.12 Anti-union tactics of corporations in the United States Around 32 million civilian workers in US lack â€Å"collective bargaining rights under any law, either federal

Writing for the English Major Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Writing for the English Major - Essay Example For the author, lying is an everyday thing: a part of life so to speak, as we do not tell blunt truths to everyone to maintain correct social structures and to prevent negative feelings that can permeate in relationships. Mundane greetings like â€Å"Howdy do?† and mundane answers like â€Å"I’m fine† are considered lies because those are not honest answers, as well as â€Å"silent lies† like not answering questions for the benefit of society, because it might hurt someone’s feelings. People nowadays, he says do not put importance on lying as much as before, according to the author. Slippery Slope arguments happen when the argument suggests that one thing will lead to another. Slippery Slope is represented here in the scenario where the lady committed a silent lie, and that would lead to her nephew’s death, suggesting that silent lies can actually lead to deaths. In that scene, there was a lady who was accused by the author to have committed a lie by â€Å"simply keeping still and concealing the truth† (Twain, 1885). She â€Å"lied† because she did not want to tell the hospital about the incompetence of their nurse, thinking that she may hurt the feelings of the nurse. Thus, the nurse got the job of taking care of the lady’s nephew, putting the nephew at risk because of the incompetence of the nurse. This is a fallacy. First, a lie is a false statement delivered deliberately (Encarta, 2010). With this definition, technically in this situation, no one told a lie. This is because the lady kept silent. Of course, her silence meant differently but it was not a lie at all. It was deliberate but it never meant to deceive people into believing that the nurse was incompetent. She knew that the nurse was incompetent, sure, but not telling people about it does not constitute to lying. False Authority happens when the author asks the audiences to agree with him simply based on his assertion as a writer.

Contribution of Bette Davis as an Actor and Her Role as a Female in her Time Period Essay Example for Free

Contribution of Bette Davis as an Actor and Her Role as a Female in her Time Period Essay Larger than life she was – with a career spanning six decades, including Broadway, film and the small screen; having made more than a hundred films and receiving ten Best Actress nominations and being the first woman to be honored with the American Film Institute’s Lifetime Achievement Award– and equally larger in death, was Bette Davis. Fearless, ambitious and daring, her strong-mindedness won her a few friends and many enemies in her lifetime, but continues to draw audiences to her appeal and aspiring actresses everywhere look up to her as a role-model. In this report, I will focus on Bette Davis’s contribution as an actor and her role as a female icon of her time. Contribution of Bette Davis as an Actor and Her Role as a Female in her Time Period One of the most talented and the biggest stars of the thirties was Bette Davis. Her strong personality off-screen often found its way into the characters she played. She made her wide range of roles realistic, from a sixty-year old queen in The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex to a young beauty in Jezebal. Olivia de Havilland called Bette Davis â€Å"a basically benevolent volcano. † Jack Warner described her as â€Å"an explosive little girl with a sharp left. † Bette ruffled a few feathers in her career, but looking back, any trouble she caused was usually for the betterment of her films rather than from her merely playing the prima donna. Off-screen, her life was filled with as much drama as any role she played, having weathered a broken home, four failed marriages, literary revenge brought forth by her daughter and frail health in her later years (Bubbeo, 2001, p. 43 – 51). In this report, I will highlight the important contributions as well as this screen diva’s achievements in a male-dominated industry, and how her success paved the way for many other women, who emulated her example to carve a niche for themselves in the traditionally male-dominant world. Bette Davis once joked that her epitaph should read, â€Å"Here lies Ruth Elizabeth Davis – She did it the hard way† (Ware, 1993, p. 180). An actress first and a star second – and in no way a conventional beauty- she invented a jagged, sincere, many-sided style of film acting that continues to reverberate through the generations. At her best, Bette Davis put complicated, conflicted women on the screen at a time when most screen characters were still melodramatic simplifications. A small (five foot three) blue-eyed blonde, she was unfazed by the cant of her era that considered screen acting inferior to acting on the stage. An actress first and a star second – and in no way a conventional beauty- she invented a jagged, sincere, many-sided style of film acting that continues to reverberate through the generations. Born Ruth Elizabeth Davis in Lowell, Massachusetts, she was the elder of two daughters of Harlow Morrell Davis, a patent lawyer from a Yankee family of long standing, and Ruth Favor, a homemaker of French Huguenot descent. The couple, incompatible almost from the start, divorced when Bette was ten. As a result, she and her younger sister, Barbara, were educated in a patchwork of public and private schools in New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts- wherever Ruth Davis could find work as a professional photographer. Popular and active as child, Betty changed the spelling of her name in imitation of Balzac’s La Cousine Bette and finally graduated from Cushing Academy, a boarding school in Ashburnham, Massachusetts, in 1926. Broadway By 1927, a nineteen-year-old Bette Davis was attending the John Murray Anderson-Robert Milton School of Theatre and Dance in New York. Bette was temperamentally restless and eager to earn a living. She left school before her first year was over, rushing headlong into professional engagements on and off Broadway on tour, and with numerous stock companies, among them George Cukor’s repertory theatre in Rochester, New York. Bette Davis in Hollywood After opening on Broadway in Solid South (1930), she received her first offer from a Hollywood film studio. With a few exceptions – most notably Cabin in the Cotton (1932) – Davis’s first years in Hollywood produced nothing extraordinary. Then, in 1934, after a long campaign, she convinced Warners to loan her to RKO, an American film production and distribution company, to play the sociopathic cockney Mildred Rogers in their adaption of Of Human Bondage, and got her first star-making notices. The next year she won an Oscar for Best Actress for Dangerous (1935), in which she played an alcoholic actress patterned on the Broadway legend Jeanne Eagels. Contribution to the Media Industry In 1936, Warners had to sue to prevent her from violating her contract and making a film in England for the Italian producer Ludovico Toeplitz. When she returned to Warners, however, she was treated generously, starring next in Jezebel (1938), a finely wrought study of the anger and ambivalence of a southern belle. The performance brought her a second Oscar, as best actress of 1938. The next year she played the role that she sometimes referred to as her favorite, Judith Traherne, the mortally ill heroine of Dark Victory (1939). After Dark Victory, Bette Davis starred in an unbroken string of sixteen box-office successes, playing everything from genteel novelists to murderous housewives to self-hateful spinsters to a sexagenarian Queen Elizabeth I. her most memorable films from this remarkably productive period included The Old Maid (1939), The Little Foxes (1941), Now, Voyager (1942), Watch on the Rhine (1943), and The Corn is Green (1945). In 1932, she married her high school sweetheart, Harmon Nelson, a freelance musician. But the marriage was as rocky as her parent’s and in 1938 ended in a divorce. She married again in 1940, to New England hotelier Arthur Farnsworth; he died in 1943 from a skull fracture. The war years were Bette Davis’s prime, and not only on screen. In 1941 she became the first woman president of the Academy of Motion picture of Arts and Sciences, quitting when she realized she was little more than a figurehead. In 1942, with John Garfield, she co-founded the Hollywood Canteen. Totally committed to her role as the organizations president, she danced, ate, and clowned almost nightly with the servicemen passing through Los Angeles. After the war, her career began to sink, with terrible films such as Beyond the Forest (1949). Released from her Warners contract, she freelanced. At 42, she believed her career was over, until her performance in All about Eve (1950), where she played an explosive theatrical prima donna who was terrified of aging. For her performance as Margo Channing, New York Film Critics named her the year’s best actress. In 1962, no longer a box-office name, she took a role in an offbeat, low-budget psychological thriller, What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? , poignantly playing a homicidally demented middle aged former child star. The film was a megahit, brining Davis her tenth, and, final, Oscar nomination. In the new era of made for TV films and miniseries, worthwhile roles came to her, including a part as a pathetic recluse in Strangers (1979), which won her a best actress Emmy. In 1977, the American Film Institute bestowed on her its Life Achievement Award; she was the first woman to receive it. Almost more prominent than she had been in her zenith, she now found herself hailed by a new generation of film critics who were seeing her classic films for the first time, and new stars praised her warmly as an influence and a role model. In 1983, she suffered breast cancer and a stroke. Despite permanent damage to her speech and gait, she continued making films. In 1985, Davis was shattered when her daughter B. D. Hyman, published a contemptuous family memoir, My Mother’s Keeper. She feebly tried to respond in her own book, This ‘n That (1987). Then looking dismayingly frail, she played a scrappy octogenarian in The Whales of August (1987), a sensitive study of old age. She died of cancer in Paris in 1989, having gone to Europe to accept an award at a Spanish film festival. Eighty-one at the time of her death, she left behind on film a brilliant constellation of contrasting and vibrant figures, the legacy of sixty years of hard work and dedication to what she liked to call total realism on the screen. Bette Davis- the Independent Female Bette Davis, outspoken, direct, and totally concentrated on her career, was a shrewd businessperson who expected good scripts and demanded the best in production support and working conditions. She was one of the few actresses able to take on unsympathetic roles, such as Mildred in Of Human Bondage (1934) and Julie Marsden in Jezebel (1938) (Ware, 1993, p. 180). Being a fighter, Bette was no stranger to bad times, and she knew how to keep going even when everything seemed to be against her. In 1962, when work became scarce, Bette took out an advertisement in Variety and other trade papers: MOTHER OF THREE – 10, 11 15 – DIVORCEE. AMERICAN. THIRTY YEARS EXPERIENCE AS AN ACTRESS IN MOTION PICTURES. MOBILE STILL AND MORE AFFABLE THAN RUMOR WOULD HAVE IT. WANTS STEADY EMPLOYMENT IN HOLLYWOOD (HAS HAD BROADWAY. ) Bette Davis, c/o Martin Baum, G. A. C. REFERENCES UPON REQUEST This was Davis at her best, and demonstrated her no-nonsense approach to her career and life in general. She knew that only she could improve her situation; no one else would do it for her (Moseley, 1989, p. 148). She was an over-achiever and the advertisement is who she was : bold, fearless and focused – some would say obsessed about her career. She wouldn’t take no for an answer and got her way more often than not in the ruthless world of Hollywood politics. She was a success story, due to her single-minded purpose of succeeding. The highly competitive Davis explained, â€Å"I always had the will to win. I felt it baking cookies. They had to be the best cookies anyone baked. † She was demanding, temperamental, and self-indulgent. By the early 1940s, she had become the First Land of the Screen (Parish, 2007, p. 49). Bette Davis married four times, but claimed her matrimonial choices had been ill-considered because her mates were unable to stand up to her or, as an alternative, congenially sank into the background as Mr. Davis. Ironically, while she failed on the matrimonial front, she found great success as a woman in a man’s world. She is thought to be the first- and finest- presentation of an independent woman on celluloid (Brabazon, 2002, p. 85). ? Conclusion Contemporary feminism needs a Bette Davis, a firebrand woman who is tough, resolute, and passionate. She worked hard, thought deeply and spoke out while post-war masculinity congealed around her (Brabazon, 2002, p. 85). Almost to the day she died, Bette never stopped working. Work was her life and her passion and she embraced it like no other actress before or since. In 1972 Bette said, â€Å"I’ll never make the mistake of saying I’m retired. You do that and you’re finished. You just have to make sure you play older and older parts. Hell, I could do a million of those character roles. But I’m stubborn about playing the lead. I’d like to go out with my name above the title. † She kept her word. Works Cited Brabazon, T. (2002). Ladies who Lunge: Celebrating Difficult Women. Sydney: UNSW Press. Bubbeo, D. (2001). The Women of Warner Brothers: The Lives and Careers of 15 Leading Ladies : with Filmographies for each. Jefferson, N. C. : McFarland. Moseley, R. (1989). Bette Davis: An Intimate Memoir. New York: D. I. Fine. Parish, J. R. (2007). The Hollywood Book of Extravagance: The Totally Infamous, Mostly Disastrous, and Always Compelling Excesses of Americas Film and TV idols. Hoboken, N. J. : John Wiley. Ware, S. , Braukman, S. L. (2004). Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press. Ware, S. (1993). Still Missing: Amelia Earhart and the Search for Modern Feminism. New York: W. W. Norton.

The Impact of Increased Domestic Abuse Rates

The Impact of Increased Domestic Abuse Rates INRODUCTION 1.1Background of study According to the United Nations secretary, the general Ban Ki – Moon (2008) highlighted: one universal truth which always prevails in all countries, cultures and communities is that violence against women has never been accepted, will never be excusable and in any circumstance will be tolerated. Violence against women is an international concern since it is a national phenomenon that influences women of all races, ages, religions and economic statues. Every year as a result of violence, more than one million people lose their lives and many suffer from non- fatal injuries which are mostly women kids. Moreover, it is a huge expense for the economy since it erodes billions of US dollars worldwide mainly in health care expenditure and much more in national economies in terms of workforce absenteeism, new law enforcement or even loss investment. In 2012 there was an estimation of 475 000 deaths which was recorded as a result of homicide. Furthermore 1 in five women have been sexually abused when she was a child and 1 in 3 women have been victims of either physical or sexual violence by their intimate partner at some point in their lifetime. According to the late Nelson Mandela in the health organization in (2002:12) which emphasize in the world report on violence and Health that: ‘Many who live with the violence day in and day out presume that it is an innate part of the human state’ Brutality against women is a violation of the human dignity, the right to life and considered as an extreme inequality towards the women. According the world Health organization, 2004 in Europe North America nearly 3.9 men die from suicide for every 1 women they killed and in Asia the sex ratio are about 1.1. Unfortunately Mauritius, our small paradise is not to be left, the figure is even higher here where 1 women out of 4 are been battered. Between January to September, in 2013 nearly 1376 cases of violence against women were reported even though the ministry of gender equality had already allocated 12.8 million (320, 000 Euros) to combat against intimate partner violence declared by the Defi Quotidian. The Family Violence Prevention fund (2008) with the American Association of University Women announces that more than 1,200 women are been killed every year by their husbands or boyfriends. Violence is associated with health problems and it affect the person in all dimension, physical, sexual, mental. In UK it affects both the child and the mother’s health which often result in maternal mortality. In addition to it, 70 out of 295 women in UK (24%) died during their pregnancy or within 6 weeks they given birth and 19 of them were murdered according to the review saving lives: Maternal deaths to make motherhood safer in 2003. Last but not the least, 30 to 66% of the same abusive offender exploits both the mother and the child. In India, they used to beat their wife and death caused by means of fire was very common that is women were been douse with kerosene and then it was claim that she died as a kitchen accident. Public officials in 1980’s reveal that women who were mostly aged between 15 to 44 in Bombay or other urban areas of the Maharashtra where 1 out of 5 women were associated to accidental burns[S1].(world Report on violence and health, 2002) According to Durkheim (1800); Kushner, Sterk et al., (2005) which is disclose in Davis et al., (2011) research uncover that women were less expose to violence when they were residing in the protective domestic sphere, however it was when they started to undertake non traditional roles, according to Levinson (1999) that is been engaged more in the men’s role which lead them been more susceptible to violence. However, women are now emerging greatly in the world of business, thus they have a more independent lifestyle compared with their partner whereas some time back they were heavily depending on their partner causing them been more vulnerable to abuse and victimization. Culture depicts norms that women need to respect his husband thus if the women made a mistake at any level, the partner had the right to punish her. An Anon Pakistan (n.d) notes were publish that beating a woman is to chastise or to discipline her as it was culturally and religiously justified because men are t he owners of their wives and it is very much necessary to show them who is the boss so that the future transgressions are discourage[S2]d. The gender based violence is rooted in gender inequality, characterized by unequal power relation and the social structures are like factories which yields it to the society. The concept of masculinity has been integrated since civilization which is the main entrance for violence. The media also plays an important role in the sexualisation of women, portraying a negative image of the women to the society. Religion engage in the production of discrimination violence against the women, the speech, scared text and their meaning , the practice of exclusion and the sexist un equality in church for instance contribute to maintain violence against women Stroher 2009, p.101 mention in Krob and Steffen article in 2015. Authorities’ responses are crucial to domestic violence calls. However police officers are often reluctant to intervene, often performing their job in a leisurely manner in serious cases and most surprisingly they side with the offenders than been with the victims. Parnas 1967 and Browne 1995 disclose that police hesitation to deal officially with domestic assaults is due to insufficient law enforcement in response to this major concern. Rather than been part of the solution they been increasing the problem. The police officers categorized simple assaults as been of low importance thus the victim will have to wait for the officer’s availability or seek assistance with other agencies from Buzawa 1993 and Buzawa 1996. According to Waaland and Keeley in (1985) Â ½ of a sample of the survey they conducted indicated that the police officers did not give any arrest in cases of illegal assault. Thus it is been added to the debate of addressing violence against women and the intervention strategies of the officers 1.2 Problem statement According to the domestic violence Homicide Report (2003); the human death toll is grossly underestimated. In 2001, intimate partner violence against women account for 20% of all non fatal violence that is 600,000 crimes overall. (Matthews, 2004) In spite of women’s emancipation in the modern society, through its equal contribution at home and in society, we still perceive[S3] that women are been treated unequal to their husband or to other man in various settings. Domestic violence influence the women’s ability to participate in the world where they are unable to take care of their children due to various health problems that they experienced and pursue job careers normally. The government lost billions of money each year because of the enormous burden that violence leaves on the society. Mathews (2004), reveal that medical expenses from domestic violence range from $3 to $5 each year and this excludes the $100 million which are been lost by businesses from sick depart ure, lost salary, non productivity. No action is without meaning, Mahmood, 2001 stated that a women which is making use of a veil might be viewed in certain contexts as an oppression whereas in another might be a women’s resistance. Domestic violence also sends messages to the women that you must not breach this barrier. According to the European Parliament, 2006 violence is an exhibition of the historical unequal power relations between men and women leading to domination over and discrimination against the women by men preventing women’s full advancement. For example, the concept of the male honor is associated with purity of the women, if the women was raped or have sexual intercourse voluntarily outside marriage thus she was disgrace by the family. A study was conducted in Egypt where 47% of women were been killed by their relative after been raped. Women are unable to protect them from unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. We note that the situation have become beyond control intern ationally. Children who witnessed violence have many health problems like behavioural, anxiety, depression and poor school performance. In North America, children who witness violence exhibit antisocial behavior due to psychological disturbances. Moreover, a research in Leon and Nicaragua (2013) shows those children of abuse women were 6 times more likely to die at age of 5. Children are dearly affected, 3207 cases of child abuse reported to the women’s Aid national Free phone Helpline (2013) and based on the women’s aid annual report (2013) 1,204 children were present at home during intimate partner violence. Unfortunately most of the authorities techniques are far of been protecting the victim. Ferraro (1989) disclose that despite having serious policies only 18 % of offenders are been arrested, they often very lenient in domestic violence incident by Eigenberg et al. However, it is far to be a simple issue, fault in the system is indeed contributing in the nurture of domestic violence where it create a need to address this issue. 1.3 Aim and objectives of the study The purpose of the study is to analyze the consequences of an increasing rate of domestic violence on the women and the responsiveness of the police authorities towards this major concern. The study will mainly focus on the impact that domestic violence have upon women kids, the forms of violence, sources, causes and how the authorities response to this alarming social phenomenon accordingly. Therefore, it will be interesting to know till what extent a women is been victimized in the 20th century. The objectives of this research are as follows: An insight of the different forms of domestic violence To disclose the voice of the stigmatized To investigate the effectiveness of the intervention strategies of the authorities upon violence To locate solutions to combat against domestic violence 1.4 Research Questions What are the forms of domestic violence and how does it impact women? What is the consequence of domestic violence upon the women? Are authorities’ intervention techniques effective in response to violence? What are the reasons for difficulty in combating against domestic violence? 1.5 Outline of the study Chapter 1: introduce the subject matter under study, how violence greatly influences the women, children and society and the response of the authorities towards this issue. The problem statement give a more in depth description how domestic violence has an impact on women, children and drawbacks of the police strategies. The aim and objectives and a brief picture of each chapter accordingly. Chapter 2: literature review Chapter 3: Methodology Chapter 4: Results and Discussions Chapter 5: Recommendations and conclusions REFERNCES World Health Organization (2013) Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non- partner sexual violence. Switzerland: WHO publications. World Health Organization (2002) World report on Violence and Health. Geneva: WHO publications. World Health organization (2014) Global status report on violence prevention. Switzerland: WHO publications. European Union Agency for Fundamental Right (2014) Violence against women an EU –wide survey. Europe. Publications Office of the European Union. Devries k, watts C, Yoshihama M, Kiss L, Schreiber L.B, Deyessa N, Heise L, Durand J, Mbwambo J, Jansen H, Berhane Y ,Ellsberg M. and Moreno C.G. (2011). ‘Violence against women is strongly associated with suicide attempts: Evidence from the WHO multi –country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women’, Journal of social science and medicine, Vol. 73, pp. 79-86. Indian Ocean Times. (2013). Mauritius: 1,376 domestic violence cases recorded between January and September 2013, from: en.indian-ocean-times.com [accessed on the 12 April 2015 British High Commission Mauritius. (2015). Help and support available for victims of domestic violence in Mauritius from: www.gov.uk [ accessed on 12 April 2015] Women’s Aid. (2015). National and international statistics from: www.womensaid.ie [accessed on 12 April 2015] Council of Europe (2014) PREVENTING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: ARTICLE 12 OF THE ISTANBUL CONVENTION A collection of papers on the council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence. Europe: Council of Europe publications ([emailprotected]). Krob D.B and Steffen L. (2015). ‘Religious influence on education and culture: Violence against women as common sense’, Journal of Social and Behavioral sciences, Vol. 174, pp. 2374 -2379. Peter G; Sinder B and Stephens J. (1999), ‘Police perceptions of domestic violence: the nexus of victim, perpetrator, event, self and law policing,’ International journal of police strategies management, Vol.22 Iss 3, pp. 313-327. Chhikara P, Jakhar J, Malik A, Singla K and Dhattarwal S.K. (2013), ‘Domestic Violence: The Dark Truth of our Society’, Journal of Indian Academic Forensic Medicine, Vol.35 (1), pp. 0971-0973. Davis, R.L. (2010), ‘Domestic violence related deaths’, Journal of Aggression ,conflict and Peace Research, Vol. 2, Iss 2. Davis, D.M. (2013). Rehabilitation Counseling Master’s Students: Beliefs and Attitudes about Domestic Violence toward Women. Published PhD dissertation. Lowa: University of Lowa, 167 pages. Grovert, A.J. (2008). Domestic violence against women: A literature Review. Published Masters Literature review. Forest Grove: Pacific University, 41 pages. Rojas, L.D.A. (2010). Men and Domestic violence/Partner Violence in Santiago, Chile: the meaning of violence in masculinity. Published Master Dissertation. Gothenburg: Gothenburg University, 76 pages. 1 [S1]Source? [S2]discouraged [S3]percieve

Modernist Design Styles in Architecture: Frank Lloyd Wright

Modernist Design Styles in Architecture: Frank Lloyd Wright Modernism appeared in the 20th century. Modernism is simple and with no decoration design style. Although this style was appear early 20th century and have different designers or architect have many spread. But still have too little modern architecture build in early 20th century. After World War II, they become many company and agency. And make this style be the top. Here have some architect is more famous. Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright. Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the famous architect in early 20th century. He is a American Institute of Architects, interior designer, Writer and Educators. His design project is over thousand and finish about five hundred. And he believes that design should achieve harmony between humans and the environment. And it become Organic architecture. For example, Fallingwater is the famous on the world. This design can prove his idea. Also this design is one of the best architect on the American. More than 70 years of his career at Architects. He design different architecture. It including Office, Church, Skyscrapers, Hotel and Museum. Also he design some furniture and stained glass. In his life he write over 20 book and article. And he is the famous speakers. In 1991, American Institute of Architects call Wright â€Å"The best Architect†. He designed different architecture. And his design was famous. For example, Robie House, Imerial Hotel, Fallingwater, Taliesin West, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Price Tower and Jonson Wax Headquarters. Also his idea was affected many designer. Someone said how Wright work change American architecture, but someone said â€Å"How didnt Frank Lloyd Wright change architecture in America I think is really the way to say it because it is hard to imagine what American architecture would be like or even probably world architecture without Frank Lloyd Wright. About the Organic architecture, he has a famous works. It called Fallingwater. Fallingwater build in 1934-1937. In 1991, members of the American institute of Architects named the house the â€Å" best all-time work of American architecture† and in 2007 , it was ranked twenty-ninth on the list of Amercian’s Favorite Architecture according to the AIA. About the design, the shape of the building look natural, casual, stretch. Also The main room of the building with an outdoor terrace, platforms and roads, intertwined, also obtained with the surrounding natural landscape with the effect of fusion. About the material, White concrete and stone let this design look merge in the environment. And this design is very special. Because the platform is above the waterfall, this design in that time is intensely. And this design was influence many architect. Also it cause the new design style. About the Taliesin West design, he thinks it has been linked with the desert. So he use loca l stone and concrete. Also the natural lighting is the main role. Because he believes the natural lighting can let inside the building connect to the outside. His idea has affected some architect. For example Neville Gruzman, Kendrick Bangs Kellogg, Alvar Aalto, Nari Gandhi and Bruce Goff. All of them have build Organic architecture. Such as Neville Gruzman. Hills House and Gruzman House is the famous organic architecture. Also Hills House is the work is thought of as a two 20th century houses: â€Å"Fallingwater† and â€Å"Farnsworth House†. And Gruzman House is use materials such as dark stained timbers and natural brick. His architect is conform Wright method. About Bruce Goff, he said that his hero is Wright and Sullivan. Then he started to contact the original design. Bavinger House is significant example of organic architecture. The house has no interior wall; instead there are a series of platforms at different height, with curtains that can be drawn for privacy. The design use many natural night, make the inside area connect to the outside. Kendrick Bangs Kellogg is an innovator of organic architecture. In 1955, he met Wright and the brief meeting provided an inspiration. His design is not fit neatly into the same with Wright, Bruce Goff or other organic architects. His building are studies of layered, segmented and unfolding space. And he design Onion house. It is a landmark of organic architecture. The design use employs translucent arching roof panels. Since with no outside walls, the division between interior and exterior consists of screen or stained glass. But someone maybe doesn’t know what organic architect is. So Wright explains that, it is term meant from nature, organic architecture was indeed a natural architecture. And now we finally understand what organic architect is. And he think good building is not one that hurts the landscape, but one which makes the landscape more beautiful than it was before the building was built. So he wants clean lines and simplicity. And disliked intricate detail and fussiness of the architectural styles. In addition to organic architect, Wright steel has affected other architect. For example John S. Van Bergen. And his style is Prairie style homes. About the Prairie style. In 1909, Wright developed what known as the Prairie Style. Typical Prairie style home is distinguished by horizontal lines on the exterior, emphasized by a low-pitched hipped roof. But Wright use different color, and let the ceiling heights and hallway widths to alternately compress and expand the sense of space. His design went beyond the building to the finest details of the interior space, include furniture, art glass and other interior design. And the famous prairie style architect is Robie House. It was designed in 1908. Frank Lloyd Wright’s designs of home and building have inspired generations of architects, including most of what is called â€Å"modern architecture.† His influence is international—many other countries have considered Frank Lloyd Wright’s designs as a major template of their contemporary styles. More than 30 states in the United States possess Frank Lloyd Wright structures and most architectural critics agree with that every state in the country has buildings that reflect Wright’s style. Nowadays, when human want to develop something else, and they will destroy the natural. So they must remember that Wright has said the human beings and nature can conexist. And it is important, even he is gone, but his architectural theory still affected other designer. But someone think he was arrogant man. Because he want to let his own considerable on his clients. For example, Fallingwater. The design is special and innovative. But despite there may be dangers he still carry out his out his design. I think his behavior is correct. Because if one’s creativity is easily affected by the others, then that one is not a qualified designer. Plagiarism: 24% http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6404/Wright-Frank-Lloyd.html http://freshome.com/2012/09/03/10-great-architectural-lessons-from-frank-lloyd-wright/ http://translate.google.com.hk/translate?hl=zh-TWsl=enu=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrightprev=/search%3Fq%3Dfrank%2Blloyd%2Bwright%2Binfluences%2Bon%2Barchitecture%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1367%26bih%3D840 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Goff http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Gruzman http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Bangs_Kellogg http://www.distinctbuild.ca/neville_gruzman_architect.php Can teachers promote democracy in the classroom? Can teachers promote democracy in the classroom? Democracy is a highly desirable but contested concept in education, argues Paul R. Carr.  [1]  However, little is known about how current and future educators perceive, experience and relate to democracy, which could have a significant impact on how students learn about, and become involved in civic engagement and democracy.  [2]   Study at a university in northeast Ohio This study was aimed at exploring the perspectives, experiences and perceptions of current and future educators who are students at a university in northeast Ohio. This study focused on two themes; attitudes towards democracy and attitudes towards democracy and education. With regards to the first theme, when asked to define democracy, respondents, most frequently, referred to a form of government, often alluding to elections and voting. Many answers contained similar combinations of words about it being a government by the people and for the people or a government in which the people hold the power rather than government officials. Voting seems to be the central focus for the majority of respondents. With regards to the second theme, a large number of respondents did not make a direct connection between education and democracy. Part of the reason for this is perhaps the discomfort some respondents exhibited vis-à  -vis politics. Most respondents admitted to not having a truly democratic educational experience during their high school years. Of particular note is that most of the students viewed democracy in education as being uniquely or primarily associated with elections. A number of reasons were provided to explain why the respondents educational experiences were not considered democratic, including the curriculum and minority issues; such issues were ignored by the school. In a democracy, the majority rules, yet the minority groups would not be ignored. One prevalent comment postulated that; The students do not govern the classroom; the teacher is the dictator. The students do not vote for the teacher; the teacher is appointed. Given that in a democracy the people hold the p ower, the students are correct in saying that the school that they attended was not democratic. Racial discrimination was highlighted by a student, who contributed that There is no fairness in the classroom; the teachers expect African-Americans to do poorly; they dont challenge us in advanced courses. In a proper functioning democracy, all the students would be given equal opportunities. When asked about whether their high school experience had an impact on their thinking about democracy, a small minority indicated in the affirmative, whereas most of the respondents were less positive. Many more respondents, however, echoed the sentiment that their high school had avoided the subject or even, more drastically, failed them in not preparing them to deal with such issues. As a middle-ground response to the question about a democratic experience in high school, a number of respondents highlighted that this consisted of a single class on government or politics. When asked about whether teachers should strive to inculcate a sense of democracy in students, the vast majority of respondents agreed strongly. Yet students are not to be indoctrinated by a set of values which the teacher decides to be the best; they are to be left free to abide with and live their life in line with any values that they choose. Some of the respondents stated that teaching about politics is not the teachers job, but the government should take care of that. Furthermore, there were some who stated that politics was not part of their area of study, thus there was no need to study about democracy.  [3]  The fact that there are students at university level whom are not interested in democracy is quite worrying, especially when this reality is tied to the fact that they do not put pressure on the governments and the school administrations to practice democratic practices in the classrooms. In this case, the teachers would find themselves in a dilemma; should they or sh ould not they work towards democratic practices in the classroom? Democratic Classrooms and Discipline Harvey Craft  [4]  commented that classroom management often includes a large dose of suppressive techniques intended to simply control. In recent years a movement has emerged to teach democracy in schools by being democratic. Dozens of books, organizations, and incentives have grown from the new emphasis on democratic schools. Democratic schools emphasize the development of mutual respect and trust between students and teachers. The process of transforming a school to a democratic school requires special training for staff members. Teachers will learn some management skills that reflect democracy and mutual respect. There is list of management techniques for teachers that promote democracy and give students an idea of what democracy is all about. According to Craft, the teacher should explain that rules must encourage free and honest exchanges in an orderly manner. The teacher should engage students in discussions about the value of mutual trust and respect, and discussions about rights, responsibilities, and privileges. Another discussion that students should be allowed to participate in is that regarding the limitations of freedoms, particularly freedom of speech, and discussions about moral behaviour. The teacher should allow students to participate in the development of rules and consequences. The students are to be given the opportunity to develop their bill of rights, in this way it would be clear both for the students and for the teachers what their rights and obligations are. The teacher should plan regular lessons about character development. The students are to be prepared how to behav e and act in a democratic society. Craft continued to argue that students should have the right to call for discussions whenever an issue that affects the whole class crops up. They should also have the right to vote on matters that affect them. The teacher should set goals for the class that reflect the development of responsibility. Moreover, students are to be given opportunities to practice responsibility. An example might be to allow students to sharpen pencils without asking permission, provided they can properly determine a time that does not interrupt or distract others.  [5]   Circle time a democratic classroom setting A democratic classroom setting is that when the class is set up in the form of a circle. In this way, people get to talk democratically about problems with equal respect for everybody. When circle time takes place, students and the teacher are to be seated on the same level so as to represent their equality. Sometimes there needs to be a spare chair / space so people can move into the space and meet people who they have not met before. Often circle time starts with something quiet like talk but later there can be games so you can move round and meet new people. Wherever possible, the teacher adheres to the same rules as the students so as to express the equality between the two; teacher and students. In the initial stages a special object will be passed around, only the person holding the object will speak, the others would listen. Everyone gets a chance to speak, yet no one has to if they do not want to. Usually the teacher will ask for a volunteer to start a new topic. Children will be encouraged to talk clearly and speak to the circle as a whole and not just toward the teacher. Any criticism passed is to be constructive criticism.  [6]   Free schools Some believe that democracy in the education system means that the child would have a free choice whether to attend any lessons at all. If he decides to attend, he should have the choice to choose which lessons he will attend to. According to this school of thought, neither the parents, nor society, not even the government should have a say on the education of children. They are to be left completely free to make up their own mind. Following on from this it would be reasonable to expect that a child would have some say over the curriculum, the day-to-day running of the school and even the appointment of teachers. Both students and teachers would have the right to call a meeting when they feel that there is the need of one. Some would argue that this idea is in favour of anarchy within the educational field. The critics of this school believe that this idea is the perfect formula for chaos and disaster. The people who believe in this radical idea refer to some schools which adhered to this practice. The Albany Free School in New York, USA, the Booroobin Sudbury School in Queensland, Australia, the Sudbury Valley School in Massachusetts, USA, and Summerhill in Norfolk, England. There are some differences between these free schools, such as the degree to which students have a say over economic decisions. But all these schools have one thing in common without which they probably could not function; the spirit of community. When living in a community, children learn to respect others.  [7]   Case study of a Free School The Albany Free School has been functioning for the past 32 years. This school does not follow a curriculum and there are not any compulsory classes. Classroom sessions that do take place are usually informal and last as long as the interest holds. There are not any tests or grades either. This school states that learning happens best when it happens for its own sake. A childs innate desire to learn is a far more powerful motivating force than any external reward or threat. As regarding behaviour, the teachers do not monitor over the pupils but the students learn to manage themselves. During the meetings, both the students and the teachers have an equal vote, thus they share the responsibilities for the decisions taken. One issue which is discussed during these meetings is the school policy within various areas. Each day unfolds organically according to peoples moods and interests, to the season and the weather, and to local and even world events. They reserve the right to make plans quite spontaneously. This does not mean that there are not plenty of ongoing, focused activities and projects. On any given day students might be found writing poetry and short stories, creating books, magazines and works of art, rehearsing and performing plays, or learning French or algebra. There are daily languages and maths classes for students who choose to tackle their basic skills in a more orderly and directed way. There are also classes in areas like history and science depending on student interest. As one would expect, the word competition does not exist in this school. Children with mental health problems who attend this school do not take drugs to solve their problem. The system which the school uses to function renders the drugs unnecessary.  [8]  These types of schools have received a lot of criticism. Critics believe that these schools are to radical and so not the way that democracy should be practised. Conclusion Through a systematic review of what democracy means, combined with how schools can become engaged in democratic practices, students will enhance, not only their academic, but also their socio-cultural and political experience, thus enriching themselves and the society in which they reside.  [9]  

DeVere or William Shakespeare? Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

DeVere or Shakespeare?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract:   The debate over the legitimacy of the authorship of Shakespearean works has been disputed for centuries. While many scholars have held beliefs that Shakespeare's works have been written by figures such as Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon, William Stanley, and others, the most heated debate today is between William Shakespeare and Edward DeVere, the Earl of Oxford. Each side of this debate has many followers, the Stratfordians, or those who claim Shakespeare to be the true author, and the Oxfordians who believe that true credit should go to DeVere. My paper, far from being a complete analysis of the possibilities of Shakespearean authorship, attempts to summarize and rationalize the arguments of these two groups. It would be impossible to include all arguments and evidence in a paper such as this. Full books have been written on aspects of the debate I will not even mention, or may just barely touch on. Hopefully after reading this paper, however, you will have a little better understanding of the debate of authorship. As I am not in any respect a scholar on the subject I shall not attempt to make a conclusion as to which of these men is the author, but rather to inform and explain the many arguments on both sides of this debate in the hopes that the reader can learn a little more about the ongoing debate and form an opinion of his or her own.    In countries all over the globe the name William Shakespeare brings to mind literary genius, a character so famed in eloquence and creativity that none other comes close to him in prestige. Yet for centuries scholars, students and readers have argued a very fundamental question: whether or not the plays and poems attribute to William... ...rpose-to designate a penname without confusion (Whalen 32). * Principal actors in the plays of Shakespeare's First Folio included Jon Heminge,Henry Condell and Richard Burbage, the same three who were in the late edition to Shakesperes will (Whalen 51). * Oxford was said to be an excellent playwright, yet no plays written under his name were ever found (Whalen 127).      Works Cited "A Beginners Guide to the Shakespeare Authorship Problem." Online. 31 October 1999. Available http: www.shakespeare-oxford.com/guide/htm. Kathman, Dave and Tom Reedy. "How we know the Shakespeare wrote Shakespeare: The Historical Facts." Online. 2 November 1999. Available http: www.clark.net/pub/tross/ws/howdowe.html. Michell, John. Who Wrote Shakespeare? London: Thames and Hudson, 1996. Whalen, Richard F. Shakespeare-Who Was He? Westport:Praeger, 1994.

Framing Apologies in a Political and Diplomatic Context Essay -- criti

Introduction This essay is an analysis of the 2005 paper, by Janna Thompson, â€Å"Apology, justice and respect: a critical defence of political apology.† A paper presented at the Australian Association for Professional and Applied Ethics 12th Annual Conference, Adelaide, September 28–30. This paper can be found at http://www.unisa.edu.au/hawkeinstitute/gig/aapae05/documents/thompson.pdf. Summary This paper critically evaluates the importance of negotiations and expansive discourse in framing apologies, especially in a political and diplomatic context. Focusing on two relevant Sino-American issues, viz. the 1999 bombing at the Belgrade Chinese embassy by US aircraft and the 2001 airplane collision between a Chinese fighter jet and an American spy plane, the author evaluates pragmatism in diplomatic apologies, with specific reference to the US apology to China during these two events. Methodology and Objectives This study was based on off-the-record interviews that were conducted in late 2001 with four anonymous US State Department officials who were involved in public negotiations of the US apologies. The author writes that his aim in carrying out these interviews was threefold. Firstly, he wished to clarify the intricacies of international diplomatic apologies. Secondly, he intended to â€Å"probe† the opinions of official diplomats on such apologies. Finally, he aimed that this study would contribute to a greater understanding of the characteristics of diplomatic apologies and the pragmatics involved therewith. Observations Through this study, the author puts forth the fact that most political apologies are framed in such a way that both the nations’ real political goals are achieved. For carrying out an act ... ...graphs 51, no. 3: 227-242, accessed August 10, 2011, http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/13165_Chapter1.pdf. Gopen, George, and Judith Swan. â€Å"The Science of Scientific Writing.† American Scientist, November, 1990. Accessed August 10, 2011. https://www.americanscientist.org/issues/issue.aspx?id=877&y=0&no=&content=true&page=4&css=print. Strongman, L. 2011. ‘What on earth?’: Understanding ambiguity toleration in business communication. PRism 8(1): 1-14, accessed August 10, 2011, http://www.prismjournal.org/fileadmin/8_1/Strongman.pdf. Thompson, Janna. 2005. â€Å"Apology, justice and respect: a critical defence of political apology.† Paper presented at the Australian Association for Professional and Applied Ethics 12th Annual Conference, Adelaide, September 28–30. Accessed August 10, 2011. http://www.unisa.edu.au/hawkeinstitute/gig/aapae05/documents/thompson.pdf.

Essay --

Is DNA a cause of Depression? An overwhelming amount of the population suffers from countless disorders and diseases, a decent majority involving mentally specific illnesses. Amongst society, depression is a very common mental illness found in individuals of ranging in all ages from all sorts of ethnicities and backgrounds. For the longest time, specialized scientists and psychologists have conducted numerous studies on depression. These studies include causes and treatments; one of the main studies concentrated on the idea of whether depression derives from our DNA. Conclusive studies have shown that DNA is one of the main causes of depression. DNA is not only a cause of depression; it also plays a critical role in treating it. Even so, some sociologists would disagree and state that depression is only developed over time by traumatic events that occur in a person’s life. Depression is a mood disorder that can occur once in a person’s lifetime or it can be something that happens quite often. Many people are unaware that depression is quite common among his or her peers and his or her family members. Most of the people who suffer from depression do not seek professional help, due to a lack of knowledge of depression or embarrassment of the condition. Depression cannot only affect a person’s mental health, but it can also affect their physical health as well. When left untreated, depression can last up to month’s sometimes-even years (Tamag 2005). Depression does not have only one cause. There are other variables that cause depression. These variables include unbalanced chemicals in the brain, unbalanced hormones, traumatic events such as death of a loved one, and genes that are inherited from our parents (Staff 2013). Every p... ... fraternal twins became depressed, nineteen percent of the time the other twin became depressed. These findings are considered to be higher rate of depression in comparison to the nation’s rates. ("Genetic Causes of Depression" 2013) In a final analysis, countless research studies have concluded that vulnerability to depression is inherited from our parents through DNA. Individuals can be subjected to depression through family members, such as siblings due to the case studies of the twins. Due to the fact that genetics has such an explicit influence on the specified mental disorder, research has also provided a linking connection between DNA and treatment of depression. However, despite the countless studies researchers have conducted on the matter, there are still a plethora of cases to further enhance the knowledge of the linkage between depression and genetics.

Remember the titans Essay

Gary, the team captain, and Julius, his black roommate, got off to a rough start. In the beginning, each disliked the other intensely. a) Describe why they disliked each other so much. b) In the movie, the two young men had a â€Å"heart-to heart† talk where each angrily told the other how he really felt. Describe the episode and why it was so significant. 1. A) Gary and Julius disliked each other because of the color of their skin and both of them thought that the other was not doing their job of a leader and bringing the team together. These boys were fearful of the change and each other, which lead them to avoid each other as much as possible. When together, the boys would communicate in unproductive ways; they treated each other with complete disrespect and without trust for one another. b) In their â€Å"heart-to heart† talk, Gary tells Julius that he is wasting his football talent by not listening to anyone. After an intense practice, Gerry and Julius bumped into each other. Gerry, tired of added practices that Boone had enforced, took advantage of the situation by trying to gather facts to tell Boon. Gerry ended up accusing Julius of being selfish; a stubborn player with a bad attitude. Julius responded to Gerry in a way that allowed Gerry to realize that he wasn’t being a true leader. Julius highlighted that â€Å"his white buddies† were not blocking for Rev. In that moment, Gerry realized that he hadn’t been a good team captain as he had been treating players unequally. 2) Other than Gary, Julius, and the two coaches, describe two other individuals who made a difference and who made a significant contribution to the success of the Titans. 2. The two other individuals that made a difference were Lewis Lastik and Ronnie Bass . Lewis Lastik was the first person who talked with someone from the other race and got along with them. When he was questioned by Julius why he was not sitting with his own race, he replied by saying that he is with everyone no matter their color. He showed how teammates should interact and behave with each other. Ronnie Bass also had a huge impact on the team. After Jerry Harris was injured, Ronnie Bass stepped in his place and emerged as one of the leaders of the team. Even though he was different from everyone else, he got along with everyone and help the team grow. 3) Provide three examples which illustrate how a friend or outsider was able to help another to see blind spots. 3. 1) Gary had the blind spot and Julius helped him to see it. The blind spot was that Gary was not doing his job as being the leader of the team and treating everyone equally. This was significant because it helped Gary realize that he is not trying his best to be a leader and bring together all his teammates. Coach Boone had the blind spot and Coach Yoast helped him to see it. The blind spot was that Coach Boone cared more about winning games and about him being a winner. This was significant because, Coach Boone realized that he was blinded by his own ambition about winning games and being seen as a winner and he should care more about his players. 3) Coach Yoast had the blind spot and his daughter Sheryl Yoast helped him to see it. The blind spot was that Coach Yoast had too much pride in himself to ask for coach Boone’s help on defense. This was significant because Coach Yoast realized that in order to win the game, he needs Coach Boone’s help. 4) Identify two conflict styles†¦ one used by Gary and one used by Julius and provide specific examples. 4. Gary used the Competing conflict style. The competing style has a win-lose approach in which the conflict is solved in the favor of the person who wants control of the situation and has low concern for others. Gary used this style when he was talking to Coach Boone about reserving half of the starting positions for the white players and not needing any black players on the defense. He also used this style , when Julius put up a picture of the famous Black Power Salute on his side of the room and Gary wanted him to remove the picture which led to a fight between them and some of the other players. Julius used the Collaborating conflict style. In this conflict style, the two parties involved share their ideas and work together to solve a problem. This conflict style has a win-win approach. Julius used his style when Gary failed to show up to his house to play basketball and the conflict among the two started to build again, Julius went to Gary’s house to retain the close friendship that they had built. Describe three things that Coach Boone did in order to transform the racial hostility into a unified team effort and explain the significance of each of the three examples. 5. 1) When the team was leaving for camp, all the white players and the black players were sitting in separate buses, when Coach Boone noticed this, he had all the defensive players sit in one bus and all the offensive players sit on the other bus. On the buses, he had everyone sit with someone from the other race and the two people sitting together had to  be roommates throughout the camp. The significance of this change was that it let the players know that there will be no differences among the two races and everyone should treat each other equally. 2) Coach Boone had all of his players meet and learn about someone from the other race and report to him until they have met everyone of the opposite race that was on the team. The significance of this was that Coach Boone wanted all to players to know each other and decrease the racial tension among the two races. 3) Coach Boone took the team on a run to the Gettysburg field. On this field , the Battle of Gettysburg took place. This was significant because it showed the team that if they don’t come together and get rid of the hate, they will be destroyed just like the many lives that were lost during that Battle of Gettysburg. Remember the Titans Case Study by Manpreet Singh Harjot Samra Interpersonal Communication Professor: Bart Chudleigh August 10, 2013

Can society fully control individuals?

Although society sets a myriad of rules and regulations that ostensibly circumscribes your actions, it is our choice whether or not to conform to these rules. Convincing examples to demonstrates this founds are found in A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and Galileo’s choices of defying norms in the field of science. Nora’s decision to leave Torvald and seek her independence in the play A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen explicitly demonstrates that, regardless of what society dictates, choices are always present ot the individual. Nora was one of many women who suffered from the male supremacy during the Victorian Era. Her husband, Torvald, would call her demeaning names such as â€Å"squirrel† and â€Å"pet† and expects her to obey every command because society dictates that she should. However, Nora defied her â€Å"social norms† and left Torvald to achieve her independence: an act considered to be unthinkable at the time. Thus demonstrates that decisions are contingent upon individuals, not society. Another example which shows that our choices area solely determined by ourselves is that of Atticus and his decision to defend a black man, Tom Robinson, in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Atticus, who lives in a town inhabited by a racist, white community, decided to do what he thinks is right and defended a black man named Tom Robinson, who was spurious accused of raping a white girl. Despite Atticus’s cognizance of the vicious calumny that he will be subjected to by society, he nevertheless made the decision which he considered is right and defended Tom Robinson. This further shows that decision are purely based on the individual. In addition, the fact that decisions of the individual can never be fully controlled by society is shown in the field of science, particularly through Galileo’s choice of having a heliocentric view on the universe. Galileo was a scientist who, after adequate research into the field, maintained that, contrary to what the church and Aristotle believed, the sun is in the center of the universe. At the time, society strongly believed that the earth is the center of the universe and considered every other scientist who said otherwise to be mocking religion and thus deserving punishment. Because of his theory, Galileo was convicted of heresy and consequently sentence to home imprisonment. Surely, it was Galileo’s decision to voice his theory which, rather interestingly, happened to be correct all along! The aforementioned examples are just three a vast number of people who decided to go against society wishes. If anything, these people exemplify the human nature of exploring the unknown, of thinking critical outside the box and of seeking dreams regardless of the perils and obstacles on the way, these are the people who make progress possible; without such individuals, society would be a collection of robots that operate based on norms and that would never be able to think, speak or act out anything that does not fit this â€Å"norm†. Quite simply, it is these people that liberated the oppressed and illuminated the path of knowledge.

What qualities do you have that will make you a good accountant?

The qualities that I have that will make me a good accountant include trustworthiness, honesty, organized, purposeful, patient, self confidence, enthusiasm and being goal oriented.Trustworthiness is the most important quality as this would keep me accountable to my actions in accordance with the law and professional standards.   My being trustworthy is of course based on honesty with my dealings to others and to myself.The accounting profession requires independence of mind and integrity as necessary values; hence by being trustworthy and honest would make me fit and compatible with the profession. If these values are lacking there is no use of accounting profession, for these are very core values needed to keep it functioning.It was the lack of these values that had caused Andersen Consulting, one of the â€Å"Big Five† auditors to have fallen from its position, thus presently the group of auditors, who are also accountants, are now called the â€Å"Big Four.†Honesty must not only be observed in words but also in deeds.   An accountant cannot be successful if he cannot even be honest with small things as he or she is being made to account even to the smallest cent of a dollar.I believe that I have the characteristics of trustworthiness and honesty since I have been given the chance to assume functions that required these qualities and I did well with the experience.I handled two organizational funds by having been treasurer for at least two organizations on campus, The African Cultural Society, for which I am currently the Secretary and The Syndicate (Hip Hop Dance Team), for which I am now the Vice President. Another value that accountants require is competence. This value is something that is normally acquired by training and education. What I believe would make me fit to have this value is my proven capacity for leadership. The two positions that I now have in the organizations I mentioned are living proofs of my leadership.Of course accou ntant need to produce quality work based on the value of competence hence accountant need to have to have their outputs on time because of deadlines set by government regulations and commercial realities. In almost similar ways, I believe my values of being organized, purposeful and patient are necessarily compatible with competence.  I know that I possess said qualities since I plan my activities in order not to miss important dates and deadlines. Based on my experience in my internship at one of the ‘Big Four’ accounting firms, Ernst & Young, LLP, I know the requirement of long hours to complete tasks and I am prepared to undergo the same experience.My self-confidence, enthusiasm and being goal oriented are also complementary to becoming a good accountant. Self-confidence will keep me trust my abilities hence competence will follow. My enthusiasm will sustain me in some activities of accountants which may be considered by other professions as boring and even when I am not feeling well by creating a friendly and amicable environment.My goal orientation would also make things easier for me as I am able to break down my goals into manageable steps and make progress towards reaching that goal.   As proof, my main goal for this year is to study for my GMAT by scoring high in order to obtain a scholarship for my graduate studies in Accounting. To attain that, I plan to allot study time outside of my academic classes and extra curricular activities and to actually do the studying needed.2. What are you hoping to achieve during your studies in the MAcc Program?After I graduate with the Bachelor’s degree in Accounting this May, 2008, I plan to proceed with Masters of Accounting Program of Mary's Mason School of Business to fulfill my 150-credit requirement so that I can be eligible to take the CPA exams.More than fulfilling the credit requirements I believe the Macc program will really prepare me to attain the values of competence which I will need in being a good accountant.I have learned that program will be conducted in small class sizes and relaxed, with informal interaction between faculty and students[1], thus I believe attaining my objective would be greatly enhanced.   With such policy of access to faculty, I believe, I will be able also to build at least some relationships that I could perhaps use in my long term future goals.It has been my plan to eventually go back to my home town in Accra, Ghana in West Africa and build a hospital with modern equipment and facilities that will bring affordable and effective health care to the average Ghanaian citizen. By that time I believe I could be of help to people like my father who is a pediatrician.I’m hoping that my education in Accounting together with my concentration in Entrepreneurship and hopefully to be strengthened and enhanced by the Masters of Accounting Program of Mary's Mason,   will really give me the knowledge, leadership, and management skills necessary to accomplish this goal of mine. [1] William & Mary Mason School of Business, Master of Accounting Program, A Distinctive Educational Experience. {www document} URL http://mason.wm.edu/Mason/Programs/Master+of+Accounting/, Accessed January 13,2008